In a November 2005 report, James Montier, the maverick global equities strategist for investment bank Dresdner Kleinwort Wasserstein in London, identified seven deadly sins of fund management. For that matter, they apply just as well to any investor.
"It is this sort of honest self-reflection that we would do well to look for in fund managers"
They are: poor forecasting; being fooled by the illusion of knowledge; being mesmerised by company management; believing you can out-smart everyone else; short-time horizons and over-trading; believing everything you read; and group think.
In varying proportions, he argued, they were all responsible for the poor decision-making that leads to unhappy returns. The performance of funds, after all, or any investment portfolio, is the result of a series of buy and sell decisions. The fact that around 70 per cent of actively traded funds does worse than their benchmark indices suggests that the average fund manager may actually be hardwired to make poor decisions.
In fact, research suggests this as well. Shane Frederick, assistant professor at Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Sloan School of Management, devised the Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT) — a set of three simple questions designed to assess the specific cognitive ability that relates to decision-making (see bottom of page for CRT questions and answers). The test recognises that all individuals use a combination of two brain processes, which he labels as the "X-system" and the "C-system". The former is the default option — a spontaneous response — while the latter is reflective, requiring a deliberate, conscious effort.
The CRT was designed to measure the extent to which people are able to interrupt their more instinctive X-system response, and replace it with the slower, but more logical, C-system process, to produce the correct answer. Turns out, it is harder than you might think (see the original at the bottom of this post for the test questions and answers).
Frederick carried out the test at 11 locations on more than 3,000 individuals — mostly students — and found that they averaged 1.24 correct questions each. His results, detailed in his 2005 paper Cognitive Reflection and Decision Making, are instructive at several levels. For example, those who incorrectly answered the first question thought that 92 per cent of people would answer it correctly.
Those that did answer it correctly thought that just 62 per cent of respondents would get it right. The point here is that people whose X-system is dominant — that is the ones who answered instinctively, and therefore incorrectly — have an over-inflated sense of confidence, misreading the difficulty. of challenges.
Montier surveyed 300 fund managers and found that they did better than average, answering nearly two questions each. But a third of them did worse than the average student.
This doesn't indict all fund managers, but it does mean that there are many who have a hard time distinguishing between decisions for which they are justified in making certain deductions, based on information and patterns having been correctly observed, and ones that are based on an illusion of pattern.
This phenomenon is described in star pessimistic investor Nassim Nicholas Taleb's Fooled by Randomness (2004), a treatise on man's capacity to mistake noise for pattern, luck for skill. A former proprietary trader, Mr Taleb considers himself one of a "bunch of idiots who know nothing and are mistake prone but happen to be endowed with the rare privilege of knowing it".
It is this sort of honest self-reflection that we would do well to look for in other fund managers. That is, of course, if we are not prepared to indulge in some honest reflection ourselves, and conclude perhaps that the most sensible thing to do is to buy an index fund. Let's face it, given the choice between a heart surgery procedure that might not improve the heart but guaranteed 100 per cent safety (representing an index fund) and one which had a 70 per cent chance of damaging the heart in some way (an average actively managed mutual fund), which one would you choose?
Published in the South China Morning Post
Questions
A bat and a ball cost $1.10 in total. The bat costs $1.00 more than the ball. How much does the ball cost?
If it takes 5 machines 5 minutes to make 5 widgets, how long would it take 100 machines to make 100 widgets?
In a lake, there is a patch of lily pads. Every day, the patch doubles in size. If it takes 48 days for the patch to cover the entire lake, how long would it take for the patch to cover half of the lake?
Scroll down for answers.
Answers
5 cents
5 minutes
47 days
The views expressed in this communication are those of Peter Elston at the time of writing and are subject to change without notice. They do not constitute investment advice and whilst all reasonable efforts have been used to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this communication, the reliability, completeness or accuracy of the content cannot be guaranteed. This communication provides information for professional use only and should not be relied upon by retail investors as the sole basis for investment.